They Said It: Recent ECB Policymaker Comments on Quantitative Tightening

9 December 2022

By David Barwick – FRANKFURT (Econostream) – To the version published on 2 December 2022 of recent public comments by European Central Bank Governing Council members touching on the subject of quantitative tightening, we have added remarks made since.

With one exception notable enough to warrant inclusion, ‘recent’ means since the October 27 monetary policy meeting.

Christine Lagarde (ECB)

18 November 2022

‘…large-scale asset purchases were necessary to expand the policy stance when interest rates were close to the lower bound. But in the current environment, and acknowledging that interest rates remain the most effective tool for shaping our policy stance, it is appropriate that the balance sheet is normalised in a measured and predictable way. In December we will lay out the key principles for reducing the bond holdings in our asset purchase programme portfolio. In parallel, our tools for preserving the orderly transmission of monetary policy − notably flexible reinvestments under the pandemic emergency purchase programme and the new transmission protection instrument − will remain in place.’

04 November 2022

‘While it is true that interest rates remain the most effective tool for addressing the high inflation environment, it is important to signal, as we continuously do in our monetary policy statement, that “we stand ready to adjust all of our instruments within our mandate to ensure that inflation returns to our medium-term inflation target”. In this context, as I explained at last week’s press conference, in December we will lay out the key principles for reducing the bond holdings purchased as part of our monetary policy portfolios.’

27 October 2022

‘Well, let us call it the reduction of our APP monetary portfolio. This is a matter that we have discussed at our last retreat amongst ourselves, the governors. We did not discuss the substantive issues today – deliberately – because we decided on a lot of issues. But what we decided is that we would pursue that discussion and we would decide the key principles of the reduction of our APP monetary portfolio in December. So that gives you a bit of an indication of when those key principles will be discussed and decided, and I will be very pleased to inform you about those principles at our next monetary policy meeting in December. And that has to be of course in advance of the decision to implement and to roll out this reduction.’

 

Philip Lane

06 December 2022

‘It makes sense to have a two-step process. The first step is to define the principles. The second is to finalise a calendar. But I think that by now there is a universal consensus that is not specific to the ECB, that QT should essentially be a background programme. We would make sure that it makes its contribution to monetary policy normalisation in a way that reinforces the primary instrument, which is setting rates. Our main focus will be setting the policy rate, and QT will be operating in the background, in a predictable, measured way.’

‘The exact way we will decide to run down the APP will be decided at the upcoming meetings. But it is fair to expect that we will follow a steady approach. Every central bank is different in terms of the maturity structure of its portfolio, but the APP will allow a steady approach to be appropriate.’

21 November 2022

‘We shouldn't interconnect the issue [of stopping rate hikes and starting QT] so much. What is clear is that you want to make decent progress on raising the policy rate before you start mapping out QT. And by December, we will have made decent progress on that. We said that we will lay out a roadmap, general principles in December. The roadmap will subsequently convert into a more precise plan that will allow for the asset purchase programme (APP) portfolio to decline at a certain pace in the coming months. But I don't think we're going to be on a meeting-by-meeting basis interconnecting the interest rate decision with the pace for the next month or two. It should be probably more mechanical than that. I think that's a pretty basic principle.’

‘I wouldn't approach the question like that [by how much to expect QT to lower the terminal rate of interest], because there's no scenario in which we keep the APP at its current level. Of course, if you don’t scale down the APP portfolio, the policy rate would have to be higher – there is a substitution effect there. But the market does expect some degree of runoff of the APP, and that is already reflected in the yield curve. So the calibration of the APP schedule has to perform two objectives. One is to contribute to the overall stance by essentially reversing the kind of compression of term premia that quantitative easing (QE) did; and the other is to make sure that this is done in an orderly way, because we have to allow for the market to adjust.’

 

Frank Elderson (ECB)

15 November 2022

‘While policy rates remain our main instrument for steering monetary policy, we have made clear that we are ready to adjust all our instruments to maintain the consistency we need in our monetary policy to achieve our primary objective of price stability.’

 

Isabel Schnabel (ECB)

24 November 2022

‘While interest rates will remain the key instrument for calibrating our monetary policy stance, we will complement our actions with a measured and predictable normalisation of our monetary policy bond portfolio. In our December policy meeting, we will lay out the principles for our balance sheet reduction.’

 

Luis de Guindos (ECB)

14 November 2022

‘The policy decisions we will take at our next meeting will be based on various elements, including our December macroeconomic projections. At this meeting, we also expect to lay out the key principles for reducing the bond holdings in our monetary policy portfolios. We will proceed with prudence, continuing to normalise our monetary policy in line with our medium-term price stability objective.’

08 November 2022

‘We will start with [QT] sooner or later, for sure in 2023. This process will have two positive effects: it will reduce excess liquidity and alleviate collateral scarcity. But quantitative tightening (QT) must be implemented with a lot of prudence. In my view, we should start with a passive QT by not fully reinvesting the maturing securities in our portfolio. The characteristics and the timing of our QT, which may overlap or not with the process of normalising the interest rates, will be discussed in December. Personally, I don’t see any sort of sequencing here. The first instrument that we have used, because we believe it to be the most efficient one, is interest rates. QT is also part of the normalisation process of monetary policy and we will proceed with a lot of prudence and caution.’

 

Fabio Panetta (ECB)

14 November 2022

‘…we should not ignore the fact that the tightening, which has followed from our decisions since the end of 2021 and from expectations of further adjustments in our stance, is already working its way through the economy – with the usual transmission lags. Estimates suggest that this tightening will on average subtract more than one percentage point from annual real GDP growth each year until 2024 compared to a counterfactual where interest rates and balance sheet expectations would have remained unchanged since December 2021.’

03 November 2022

‘…we must be clear about the sequencing of the normalisation process. We should avoid “cliff effects”, continually monitor the market response to our measures and consider the feedback between our different instruments. Currently, our policy rate remains a suitable marginal instrument of normalisation. It is the instrument we know best. We have a comparatively limited understanding of the effects of reducing the size of our balance sheet. The size of our balance sheet will be significantly reduced as targeted longer-term refinancing operations (TLTROs) mature and banks likely make early repayments after the decision we took last week to adapt the TLTROs’ terms and conditions to the current monetary policy context. We should take the necessary time to assess the impact of our rate hikes and of phasing out the TLTROs. As we normalise our monetary policy, we should expect bank lending conditions to tighten. What we need to avoid, though, is a sudden stop in the supply of credit to the broad economy. We should ensure that TLTRO repayments have been absorbed before we stop fully reinvesting the principal payments from maturing securities purchased under our purchase programmes. And when considering how we would then reduce the size of our bond portfolios, a controlled reduction – whereby only redemptions above a cap are not rolled over – is preferable to active sales, which may unsettle markets in an already volatile financial environment.’

 

Pablo Hernández de Cos (Banco de España)

29 November 2022

‘…interest rate decisions will have to take into account the decisions we take on reducing our portfolio balance, as this also has a decisive influence on financial conditions in the euro area. This reduction is known as quantitative tightening. Well, as President Lagarde announced last month, we will set out the basic principles of this process at our December meeting of the ECB Governing Council. There are several reasons why the process of tapering our portfolio should be very gradual and predictable. First, there is a high degree of uncertainty about the effects of quantitative tightening as we do not have sufficient historical evidence on these effects to date. Second, the fiscal outlook has deteriorated in recent years, which will tend to magnify the impact of quantitative tightening on the term premium on debt. Third, the abundant liquidity provided by the TLTRO programme is already being reduced, a reduction that will continue in the coming months and could amplify the effects of quantitative tightening. Finally, just as quantitative easing reduces financial fragmentation in the euro area, quantitative tightening could increase it.’

16 November 2022

‘In my view, it may be appropriate to wait until sufficient outstanding TLTRO III balances have been repaid before starting the bond portfolio run-off, for two reasons. First, the large TLTRO repayments expected in the first part of 2023 will give us an initial picture of any potential asymmetry and non-linearities in the effects of balance sheet reduction vis-à-vis those generated by balance sheet expansion, by when we will probably have too a clearer idea about whether we are in, or headed towards, a recession. Second, it seems reasonable to wait and observe potential ripple effects of TLTRO III repayments in bond markets before starting the bond portfolio run-off, as it will allow us to assess the effective impact of balance sheet reduction on financial conditions. After first allowing markets to absorb significant TLTRO III repayments, the normalisation of the ECB’s balance sheet could be followed by ending full reinvestment of the APP portfolio. As announced by President Lagarde last month, we will decide on the key principles of the reduction of our APP portfolio at our December monetary policy meeting. And why we should end APP reinvestments before PEPP reinvestments? In my opinion, a “first-in-first-out” staggered approach is preferable for at least two reasons. First, PEPP reinvestments remain an important line of defence against (pandemic-related) fragmentation episodes, so they are potentially pledged for reallocation across jurisdictions while the lasting vulnerabilities caused by the pandemic continue to pose a risk to the smooth transmission of our monetary policy. Second, we previously declared that PEPP reinvestments will not end up until at least the end of 2024, while our forward guidance on APP reinvestments was open-ended. We have clearly stated our intention to continue APP reinvestments for an extended period of time past the date when we started raising the key ECB interest rates. Moreover, our balance sheet policy will depend too on the operational framework that we adopt for the foreseeable future. Since the financial crisis, we have been de facto operating a “floor” system, characterised by ample excess reserves and interbank rates pegged to the DFR. This floor system, similar to that adopted by the Federal Reserve, is different from the “corridor” system that we operated before the crisis, which was characterised by a leaner balance sheet and scarcity of reserves. The decision we take in this respect, as well as regarding the desired long-run composition of assets and liabilities, will anchor the desired size of our balance sheet. Once we reach the point of reducing asset holdings acquired through the APP, the crucial question is how strong an effect this form of quantitative tightening will have on long-term interest rates. It is tempting to see quantitative tightening as simply the opposite of quantitative easing. In this light, our experiences with QE over the past decade and more may give us some idea as to how large the effects of QT may be. So far, however, there is simply not as much historical evidence available about the impact of QT, because we have observed more episodes of balance sheet expansion than of balance sheet contraction. A number of considerations support a prudent approach, since the response to QT could be stronger than the response to QE. First, the fiscal landscape has deteriorated in recent years. Public debt to output ratios have climbed sharply since the onset of the pandemic, because governments have run very large deficits over the course of the pandemic and because output has fallen. The current inflation surprise somewhat reduces the real value of this debt, but this effect is small compared with the strong increase in debt levels since the pandemic began. The greater the amount of debt that private markets must absorb, the lower the liquidity in sovereign debt markets and the higher the yields that markets will demand in order to equate supply with demand. Accordingly, this factor tends to magnify the impact of quantitative tightening on the term premium. Second, the impact of balance sheet policies may also vary depending on liquidity conditions. In QE times, more liquidity injected into the system did not have a major impact since the market was saturated with excess cash and thus money market conditions were rather insensitive to additional liquidity injections. But in QT times, the gradual withdrawal of excess liquidity will make money market conditions increasingly sensitive to the amount of cash that is withdrawn from the system, and this could mean more volatility in the overnight rate transmitting in the form of more term premium throughout the curve. Indeed, several episodes in the past have shown these potential effects associated with QT. There are, however, some arguments that point towards attenuated effects of QT compared to QE. First, markets are already pricing in QT to some extent. This is important because much of the impact of asset purchase programmes stems from the advance information provided to financial markets about their overall scale and design. Since markets are forward-looking, the whole expected future path of asset holdings plays a role in determining market yields at any given point in time. That is what is typically known as “stock” or “announcement” effects. In contrast, beyond potential “stock effects”, several studies that have sought to measure the “flow effects” of asset purchases – the changes in yields directly related to the amount purchased or held at a given point in time – tend to conclude that these effects are relatively smaller. For this reason, we might expect that yields already reflect, at least to certain extent, current expectations on the implementation of balance sheet reductions. However, by the same token, a faster balance sheet reduction than currently anticipated by markets could trigger some yield tightening. Second, compared with QE, QT conveys much less information about the future path of interest rates. Purchases and interest rates were linked in the ECB’s forward guidance, as I have already explained, but the ECB no longer employs forward guidance on rates as a policy instrument. Therefore, the ECB’s balance sheet adjustments alone no longer provide direct information about the timing of its interest rate adjustments. Again, this weakens the announcement effects of QT compared with QE. In sum, all these arguments point, in my view, to the need for the balance sheet reduction in the euro area to be very gradual and predictable. It is also essential that balance sheet reductions leave room for action against fragmentation if it reappears, whether either through flexibility in PEPP reinvestments or through activation of the TPI should this prove justified and necessary.’

02 November 2022

‘At some point we’ll have to start reducing our APP portfolio. We will decide on its key principles in December. In my view we have to do it in a cautious and very gradual manner. Mainly because we do not have much evidence on its effects. We need first to draw lessons from the reduction of the balance sheet stemming from the decision to modify the conditions for the long-term loans granted to banks – the TLTROs. And the reduction of the stock of APP assets will have to be considered together with our rate path, so as to achieve the financial conditions compatible with achieving our inflation target.’

02 November 2022

‘… at some point we will also have to start the reduction of the stock of assets on our balance sheet. Indeed, we will decide on the key principles of this reduction as regards the APP at our December meeting. In my view, we have to be cautious with this reduction and do it in a very gradual way, given the limited evidence we have on its effects. I think we need to first draw lessons from the balance sheet reduction that will follow from our decision last Thursday to modify the conditions of the TLTROs. And, obviously, the reduction in the stock of APP assets has to be taken together with those related to our path of interest rate increases, so that we achieve the financial conditions that we believe are compatible with achieving our objective.’

 

Joachim Nagel (Bundesbank)

02 December 2022

‘The simplest and most transparent way to reduce the Balance sheet reduction would be to stop replacing maturing bonds’

‘If we stop replacing maturing bonds in the APP portfolio, the bond portfolio will decrease automatically: month by month by the respective maturities.’

‘The markets should cope well with a passive phasing out from the first quarter of 2023 onwards. They are sufficiently resilient, and monthly maturities in the near future are much lower than past monthly purchase volumes. In addition, there are numerous safety nets in place.’

‘This approach would be ...
- consistent with policy rate hikesin its effect on the yield curve,
- underline the Governing Council's determination to fight inflation; and
- reduce collateral scarcity and excess liquidity.’

22 November 2022

‘To me, there is a strong case for starting early next year to stop fully replacing maturing bonds under the APP.’ Doing so would underscore authorities’ anti-inflation resolve and constitute ‘another important signal’.

18 November 2022

‘We also need to look at the Eurosystem’s high bond holdings. They continue to exert considerable downward pressure on bond yields in the euro area. It doesn’t match up to raise the yield curve at the short end while keeping it down at the long end. In my view, we should start reducing the size of our bond holdings at the beginning of next year by no longer fully reinvesting all maturing bonds. The additional tightening would help to bring inflation down. And it would underline our strong determination to bring inflation back to our target.’

10 November 2022

‘The monetary policy change of course also includes tackling the reduction of the Eurosystem's bond holdings. They amount to almost €5 trillion. Maturing bonds are still being replaced again under both the PEPP and the APP. In the wake of rising key interest rates, the question increasingly arises as to why the reinvestment policy tends to slow down the development of bond yields in the euro area. In my opinion, it does not fit together to move interest rates at the short end of the market in one direction and to influence those for longer maturities in the other direction. When you have two instruments for normalising monetary policy, it doesn't make sense to use only one of them.’

02 November 2022

‘I think it is very important to have this discussion regarding our balance sheet. When acting against inflation, you have to think about the bond portfolio, too, which has increased massively over the past years. Now we are talking about nearly 5 trillion euro of bond holdings. We want to normalise monetary policy. And to achieve this, we should use all the instruments we have at our disposal. We should start reducing the size of our bond portfolio at the beginning of next year, for example by letting existing bonds mature with little market impact.’

 

François Villeroy de Galhau (Banque de France)

04 December 2022

‘Alongside the central, priority instrument of interest rate rises, there are other monetary instruments and in particular the reduction in the volume of liquidity that we inject into the economy, what the specialists call the size of our balance sheet through the purchases of public securities that we do. … So, the volume of liquidity increased sharply until 2021; we stabilised it in 2022, which is already a rupture; I think it would be wise to start reducing it in 2023. But how? We'll discuss that too and we'll decide on 15 December, but I think we should start with the oldest purchase programme, the APP, which is a pre-Covid programme; I think it would be good to start in the first half of 2023 and we can discuss the exact date, but I would say in the first half of the year. And finally, I think that we should say it clearly, but we should do it carefully and gradually. The communication that we will probably have on 15 December will be very important because our objective, through this stage of balance sheet reduction, is not to provoke a further rise in interest rates, it is to reduce the volume of excess liquidity that is in the economy.’

11 October 2022

‘Another issue that we will need to confront is the normalization of our balance sheet. It has expanded in recent years through numerous programmes (APP, PEPP, TLTROs,..) and is now just short of €9 trillion. It would not be consistent to keep a very large balance-sheet for too long in order to compress the term premium, whilst at the same time contemplating tightening policy rates above neutral. In addition, rising remuneration on very large excess reserves may alter the transmission of the desired tightening through the bank channel. But obviously, this question is less pressing than the rise of interest rates to neutral, and should come only at a later stage. Let me simply put forward at this stage a few preliminary principles that could in my personal view guide the normalisation of our balance sheet, in due time:

  • First, our key interest rate should remain our primary instrument to adjust our monetary policy stance. The size of our balance sheet should be used as a complementary policy tool, whose effects are more difficult to calibrate or fine-tune.
  • Second, we should follow a clear sequencing regarding the various programmes: (i) the reimbursement of TLTROs comes first, and we should avoid any unintended incentives to delay repayments by banks (ii) at the other end, PEPP should be reinvested until the end of 2024, as stated (iii) this leaves in-between APP for which the Governing Council has said that reinvestment will continue in full until “well past the date when it started raising the key ECB interest rates”. Here we could start earlier than 2024, maintaining partial reinvestments but at a gradually reduced pace.
  • Third, the phasing out of the asset portfolio should be orderly, announced cautiously and well in advance. The ‘stock effect’ of asset holdings, which is the key transmission channel, primarily depends upon the expected end-point of the balance sheet normalisation, in terms of both the terminal date and size. Fluctuations in the pace of the run-off during the travel to destination do matter less.
  • Fourth, as taught by US experience in 2017-2019, the pace of the balance sheet reduction should not be left completely on “automatic pilot”. Starting slowly, assessing markets reaction, and gradually accelerating seems like a sound approach. Some flexibility should be kept, in case of sudden liquidity shocks. Indeed, the ‘flow effect’ may temporarily play a role when market liquidity abruptly dries up.’

 

Klaas Knot (De Nederlandsche Bank)

24 November 2022

‘Monetary policy in 2022 is about more than just policy interest rates: the balance sheet of the Eurosystem will also be examined. To mitigate the risk of deflation or another financial crisis during the pandemic, the ECB purchased bonds on a broad scale and provided loans to banks under favourable conditions in recent years. With monetary policy being tightened, these instruments are also being adjusted. Conditions for TLTRO loans were recently tightened, and in December we will discuss the scale-down of the bond portfolio that we plan to start next year.’

18 November 2022

‘The level to which the policy rate will be increased also depends on the calibration of these instruments, such as the roll-off of our bond holdings. It would not be consistent to keep a large balance sheet to compress the term premium, while at the same time tightening policy rates above neutral. Once more, all our instruments need to work in the same direction. There are clear benefits of such a well-balanced tightening package. From a stance perspective, passively rolling off our bond portfolios in addition to raising the short-term rate, helps to transmit the tighter policy stance more evenly to the real economy. Model simulations conducted by DNB staff show that an earlier start of so-called Quantitative Tightening (QT) lowers both peak inflation and the required terminal rate via its effect on the term premium. When thinking specifically about QT, our decisions should rest on four principles. First, policy rates should remain the primary instrument to adjust our monetary policy stance. Our balance sheet size should act as a “backburner” tool. Second, APP holdings should be distinct from PEPP holdings. The former exclusively steers the monetary stance, while PEPP continues to serve a dual purpose, by also countering fragmentation risks to monetary transmission. Therefore, decisions about unwinding these two programmes do not have to run in parallel. I expect the APP roll-off to start significantly earlier than that of PEPP, for which reinvestment is communicated to last until the end of 2024. Third, I see a case for caution. To me, this calls for an early but partial stop to reinvestments, to test the waters before calibrating the ultimate pace of the roll-off. And finally, QT should be predictable, like watching paint dry, as the saying goes.’

 

Ignazio Visco (Banca d‘Italia)

31 October 2022 & 03 November 2022

‘This recalibration [of TLTRO III] aims to strengthen the pass-through of key interest rate increases to bank lending conditions and to remove deterrents to the Eurosystem’s balance sheet reduction process through the early repayment of TLTRO III operations. The ECB Governing Council postponed the debate on the timing and arrangements of a gradual review of the reinvestment of principal payments from maturing securities under the asset purchase programmes, while maintaining the flexibility associated with the reinvestment of those under the pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP) over the coming months.’

 

Mārtiņš Kazāks (Latvijas Banka)

07 November 2022

‘The policy accommodation of the APP isn’t appropriate anymore, and if a central bank market intervention isn’t needed, then we have to withdraw from the market.’

Discussion of assets acquired under the pandemic emergency purchase programme (PEPP), in contrast, ‘shouldn’t start yet – there’s no need’, he said. In general, however, the discussion that Lagarde indicated was underway with respect to QT will continue next month, he said.

While some decision pertaining to QT could thus emerge from the December 15 meeting, the communication of a precise sequence of steps wouldn’t necessarily be forthcoming, he indicated. ‘We know that forward guidance in times of uncertainty is not always helpful. But from today’s perspective, in my view it would be appropriate to introduce an element of balance sheet adjustment via the APP early next year unless the economic outlook changes sharply.’

Asked whether the time to actively sell parts of the ECB’s balance sheet could come in 2023, Kazāks said he ‘would not jump that far ahead, because uncertainty is very high’.

He continued: ‘We should not delay the start of QT too much, but at the same time we should be cautious, because we want the transmission mechanism to work. Later on, we should and will talk about actively selling our asset holdings. But it’s still way too early for that.’

Kazāks hesitated to back the view that the modification of the TLTRO conditions would ease pressure on the ECB to unwind its balance sheet via QT. ‘I would look at them as addressing two different segments’, he said. ‘But a reduction in TLTRO money of course would align our instruments more with the interest rates.’

Even with early repayments of the TLTROs and the consequent reduction in liquidity, it would be ‘perhaps years that we will continue to see excess liquidity in the system, given how much is there’, he said, leaving the deposit facility rate the relevant key interest rate for some time to come.

The idea of maintaining reinvestment of maturing securities at least until TLTRO repayments have been absorbed did not win Kazāks’ endorsement. ‘I would refrain from that specific sequencing of instruments’, he said.

 

Yannis Stournaras (Bank of Greece)

15 November 2022

‘We will actually discuss the prospects of future steps in this direction in our December Governing Council meeting. Any such steps should be cautious and gradual, as quantitative tightening reinforces interest rate increases across the yield curve. In fact, in a recent Bank of Greece Working Paper (“A global monetary policy factor in sovereign bond yields” by Dimitris Malliaropulos and Petros Migiakis, July 2022), the authors found that global central banks’ large-scale asset purchases have contributed to significant and persistent declines in long-term yields globally, ranging from around 330 basis points for AAA-rated sovereigns to 800 basis points for non-investment grade sovereigns. Hence, tightening monetary policy by scaling down central banks’ balance sheets to pre-crisis levels may lead to sharp increases in sovereign bond yields globally and widening spreads of vulnerable sovereigns, with severe consequences for financial stability and the economic prospects. In the euro area, we stand ready to use the Transmission Protection Instrument, to the extent needed, to counter unwarranted, disorderly market dynamics that pose a threat to the transmission of monetary policy across all member countries.’

04 November 2022

‘Any such steps should be cautious and gradual, as quantitative tightening reinforces interest rate increases across the yield curve.’

‘Scaling down central banks’ balance sheets to pre-crisis levels may lead to sharp increases in sovereign bond yields globally and widening spreads of vulnerable sovereigns, with severe consequences for financial stability and the economic prospects.’

It is the Governing Council’s consensus to only start reducing its bond holdings after the central bank is done with hiking rates.

 

Gabriel Makhlouf (Central Bank of Ireland)

05 December 2022

‘Well, firstly, my preference is to unwind it. I think the reasons for having it in the first place - the very long period of low rates and the risk of deflation - those reasons are gone. So, we now need to look to unwind it. My view is that it needs to be done cautiously and carefully and predictably. So, my preference would be for us to start slowly, leave ourselves the room for accelerating, if we feel it’s warranted, but in that order. … I expect us to set out at, or to agree at the next week’s meeting a set of principles … for winding the balance sheet down, which the president will announce. I don’t expect anything to start until next year. My own preference would be something towards the end of Q1, beginning of Q2.’

05 December 2022

‘…the question of the size of the ECB balance sheet will be part of the policy discussion at the December meeting, and I want to say one thing about this. There are complex issues involved, but the justification for the expansion of the balance sheet – too low inflation and the risk of deflation – has ended, and it is time to look at reducing its size. … I will return to the ECB balance sheet in future communications, but this will be after our Governing Council meeting in December, when, as President Lagarde has indicated, we will lay out the key principles for reducing the bond holdings in our asset purchase programme portfolio in a measured and predictable manner.’

16 November 2022

‘It might be tempting to assume that the effects of reducing the size of the balance sheet will mirror the effects from increasing it, but there are some key differences. The primary difference now is the context. The current high inflation is having a very negative impact. Falling real incomes mean lower consumer spending as households reduce spending on non-essentials, and divert more of their budget to items such as food and energy.’

 

Pierre Wunsch (National Bank of Belgium)

08 November 2022

‘Honestly, there is no reason why we should keep buying sovereign bonds, but at the same time we don’t have a lot of information of what it would mean to stop QE, and I would be for [being] cautious there.’

QT should ‘start early and cautiously’, with an assessment shortly into the exercise of whether ‘there’s enough absorption capacity in the market’ before picking up the pace.

 

Constantinos Herodotou (Central Bank of Cyprus)

06 December 2022

‘It has to be done in a clear, transparent way … in order not to surprise the markets. For me, that’s a very important aspect of it.’

‘We will be discussing and deciding on the timeline of QT this December.’

14 November 2022

‘Of course, at a later stage and when deemed necessary, the reduction of the ECB's balance sheet can also be discussed. In any case, I believe that the best approach is to continue to determine any moves we make on the basis of the financial data that we will have in front of us at each meeting of the Board, without predetermined directions.’

 

Peter Kažimír (National Bank of Slovakia)

07 December 2022

‘QT is inevitable, I don’t think there are any doubts that it will happen.’

QT should be done ‘in a transparent and gradual manner’ to ensure ‘it’s predictable and won’t increase market uncertainties.’

10 November 2022

The ECB’s ‘price stability mandate requires us to reduce our presence in the market’. This is ‘absolutely vital for our credibility.’

 

Boštjan Vasle (Bank of Slovenia)

10 November 2022

The ECB needs to unwind its unconventional instruments.

 

Robert Holzmann (Austrian National Bank)

21 November 2022

There is a ‘strong consensus that we should start small to test the markets’ before increasing the amounts involved, starting with the APP and only ‘much later’ turning to the PEPP. Expressed scepticism about providing very clear forward guidance, observing that ‘for this I think we do not have enough information about how financial markets react’. Certain questions around QT must inevitably remain ‘open, also because it’s new, we have never done it, and so we have to be careful not to overdo it.’ No need to defer the start of QT until the markets had completely absorbed TLTRO repayments, as the relevant markets are sufficiently distinct. The roll-off of the APP can overlap with rate hikes, ‘because they touch different elements.’ ‘Both instruments impact the yield curve, but in a different manner.’

11 November 2022

The ECB wants to reduce its balance sheet. ‘We are careful because the financial markets are to a greater extent uncertain than maybe a half a year or a year ago.’ The ECB does not wish to ‘overwhelm’ the markets. There are moreover ‘many, many technical questions, economic questions’ related to the reduction of the balance sheet. ‘We will be careful about reducing it.’

 

Mario Centeno (Banco de Portugal)

29 November 2022

‘Currently, the main instrument in the normalisation process is the set of policy rates. The time will come to normalize our balance sheet, which could be complementary (perhaps also a substitute at some point) to interest rate policy. As mentioned by President Lagarde at the last press conference, the Governing Council will discuss the key principles to reduce the APP monetary portfolio in December. These should certainly guarantee that there is no resurgence of fragmentation and perhaps address the shortage of certain safe and liquid assets. When the time comes to start a much-needed reduction of our balance sheet, we need to be sure that we will be preserving financial stability, as a way to preserve the transmission mechanisms of our monetary policy.’

24 November 2022

QT would be a ‘slow, gradual’ process, but ‘there is no doubt that [the ECB’s balance sheet] has to be reduced.’ To discuss in December how to end APP reinvestment, but must first ensure it won’t put financial stability at risk.

 

Madis Müller (Eesti Pank)

25 November 2022

‘I think that the reduction of the monetary policy bond portfolios of the central bank should also be started as soon as possible, which would be in line with the change in the course of monetary policy.’

 

Edward Scicluna (Central Bank of Malta)

02 December 2022

‘As regards monetary policy, with the latest rate hikes the ECB has already made significant progress in withdrawing monetary accommodation. Furthermore, interest rates are expected to be the main tool for adjusting the stance. But to achieve our objective of anchoring inflationary expectations close to 2%, rate normalisation needs to be complemented with balance sheet normalisation. The reduction in the Eurosystem’s monetary asset holdings is expected to be pursued in a predictable and gradual manner, with the first principles being announced in December. This will undoubtedly change the financing environment which borrowers have grown accustomed to. The most immediate impact will be on money markets and government bond yields, which later propagate to the cost of bank and corporate debt. Indeed, euro area sovereign yields have already risen markedly since last year and could increase further when balance sheet normalisation starts.’